1987 AP English Lit Exam Multiple Choice

Jordan Tomooka p.4

1987 AP English Lit Exam

1.e                   59.c

2.a                   60.e

3.c                   61.e

4.e

5.e

6.d

7.e

8.e

9.d

10.a

11.d

12.b

13.b

14.b

15.a

16.d

17.d

18.d

19.b

20.e

21.c

22.d

23.a

24.a

25.a

26.c

27.b

28.d

29.e

30.d

31.b

32.a

47.e

48.c

49.b

50.b

51.e

52d

53.e

54.c

55.a

56.c

57.d

58.b

Big Question

Philosophical: What defines being truly happy?
Personal: How do I become successful in both financially and spiritually? How do I balance or draw the line between the two?

Summer Notes

Summer Notes

Jordan Tomooka

Active Reading Notes: Montaigne Essays

Book I:

That Men by Various Ways Arrive at the Same End:

·      Follows how many people try to avoid their fate


·      nothing can stop a motivated confronter from causing harm


·      those showing courage are usually allowed to live


·      People with power for revenge can have us laying at their mercy


·      that pride of powerful people can make them irritated with the courageous rising up against their power


·      States ego leads to the powerful trying to break the courage of the courageous


·      Courage comes from meeting fear of death


Of Sorrow


·      sadness as hurtful idle cowardly and mean


·      the strongest emotions cannot always be expressed


·      The strongest love cannot be expressed


·      Those who express great love do not feel great love


That Our Affections Carry Themselves Beyond Us


·      hat people spend too much time thinking of the future and need to live in the moment


·      this is a view nature encourages


·      Rousseau says that fear desire and hope make us thing of the future always


·      you have to do your own work to know yourself
If you know yourself you will never take another’s work as yours


·      One will improve oneself this way


·      Though we do our own when alive we cannot talk to others when we are dead and are left with whatever legacy we created


·      Montaigne feels a good legacy is needed to be happy in death


·      when he dies it us up to the living to take care of his body


That the Soul Expends its Passions Upon False Objects, Where the True are Wanting  

·      when a soul is agitated it needs an object to act upon or else it will turn on itself


·      we like little dogs and monkeys because there is a part of us that needs to love

·      Animals attack the thing that attack it


·      Humans always need something to blame

·      some blame god

Whether The Governor of a Place Besieged Ought Himself to Go Out To Parley

·      To buy time a Roman king offered peace to an enemy and used the lull to fortify and attack


·      Senate thought it cowardly and disapproved
Notes that all that matters is that the enemy was defeated

·      Honor of war goes to the winner no matter the way they won


·      Because of surprise attacks the leader should not go to negotiate unless very protected

·      If on the verge of certain defeat it is better to compromise

That the Hour of Parley Dangerous


·      war is changing and faith cannot be secured until peace is signed and even then one must be wary


·      Montaigne agrees with Chrysippus that one needs to use all force available but not “Cheat”

·      Alexander refused to use darkness as cover to not “Steal”the victory

That the Intention is Judge of Our Actions


·      “Death discharges us of all our obligations”


·      The enemy of Henry VII ran and was found by Don Phillip who agreed to give Henry his enemy if no harm came to him


·      Henry instructed his son that when Henry dies he is to kill his enemy


·      Montaigne feels Henrys death didn’t cancel the agreement


·      A man gave advice on a situation out of his control

·      When finding out he was wrong had himself put to death to not go back on his word

·      Montaigne feels this was unnecessary because the situation was out of the man’s control

·      Makes note of people who leave people things in their will because of feeling guilty of wrongdoing to said person


·      Montaigne sees this as meaningless since you make no sacrifice because you are dead and don’t need those things anyway


·      Expresses distaste at people who reveal grudges at death extending their hatred to the living instead of taking it with them in death

Of Idleness


·      the Mind needs a study to restrain from wandering uselessly


·      an idle mind makes foolishness
States that a soul without a goal loses itself


·      Montaigne retires to his house to avoid distraction and allow his mind to wander

·      Commits his wanderings to writing to guilt himself out of wandering

Of Liars


·      Montaigne notes his bad memory


·      foolish people are said to have no memory

·      When Montaigne complains of his literal memory people think him calling himself foolish


·      strong memory goes with weak judgment


·      his friends questioning his friendship when he forgets things thinking he doesn’t care


·      Feels that by having a weakness in memory he has avoided other weaknesses


·      Also that by this weakness his other faculties are stronger


·      the memory has more information than intellect


·      Comments that people with strong memories go into so much detail they ruin stories States weak memory helps forget injuries

·      Untruths are things we perceive as true


·      Lies are things we say as true but we know are false


·      Two types of liars

Of Quick or Slow Speech


·      some people are never surprised with speech and speak quickly and others 
need to think hard about what they are going to say and talk slowly


·      States a preacher needs to be a slow one because he was so much time to prepare 


·      A lawyer needs to be fast because they have unexpected questions and objections

·      that wit is thinking promptly and suddenly
Judgment is taking time to thing


·      some people can only perform without preparing only with a care free attitude

·      Worrying too much about success can cause someone to hinder themselves

·      Montaigne always performs worse when prepared 


Of Prognostications 


·      fortune tellers have been losing credibility since before Jesus


·      there are many people who still use stars and body shapes and dreams to tell
f or tunes


·      Shows how people always want to know the future


·      Tells of an ally to the French so terrified by good fortune predicted for French switched side with regret


·      Montaigne would rather use a dice than idle and vain dreams


·      Those who try to predict and eventually get one right and say it is proof of fortune telling

·      Montaigne sees as lucky and liars


·      he’d be more convinced that predictions were always wrong


Of Constancy


·      Constancy means we should do all we can to avoid harm but face those we can’t avoid 
bravely


·      Don’t condemn action used to defend one’s self 


·      countries using retreat in battle


·      Though it is bad for a soldier to leave his post it is inevitable through acts of fear

·      a fortune teller would see the man’s apprehension when Montaigne sees it as impossible to predict


·      Says non philosophers will abandon reason and change behavior while the philosopher will not


The Ceremony of the Interview of Princes


·      Feels it would be better to offend someone once than himself always


·      everywhere has different customs


·      Montaigne is very educated in the customs of his own country but doesn’t always follow them


·      Sees some people as rude for being over civil


·      Though he doesn’t follow the rules he feels it is important to know them because people set examples for each other that others take notice of

That Men Are Justly Punished For Being Obstinate In the Defense of a Fort That is Not in Reason to be Defended


·      bravery has limits if limits ignored leads to stubbornness foolishness and arrogance

·      Punish by death those who defend places that losing is inevitable 


·      Strength of a fort is measure by the force attacking it


·      There is danger that someone would see themselves as too high up and attacks any opposition

Of the Punishment of Cowardice


·      Charondas made cowards spend three days in public dressed in women’s clothing to “ Awaken their courage”


·      Julius sentencing those who fled the battlefield to death when in a similar occasion only punished by lowering rank


·      Montaigne sees shameful punishment as harsh and cold creating enemies out of the punished


·      Extreme cowardice can only be taken as malice

A Proceeding of Some Ambassadors

·      men prefer to talk of other men’s duties


·      Caesar speaks about bridges and such but is more quite on war duties and military conduct


·      Montaigne says this will never improve a man


·      People need to talk of their own capabilities


·      Pay attention to people for what they do


·      People naturally want liberty and power


·      Obedience should be cherished
Complete obedience has limited commands


·      Ambassadors have to use their discretion in managing affairs


That We are to Avoid Pleasures, Even at the Expense of Life

·      It is time to die when there is more evil than good in the world and to preserve their torture goes against the very rules of nature


·      St. Hilary murdered his only daughter because she was hypnotized by the riches of a suitor

That Fortune is Oftentimes Observed to Act by the Rules of Reason 



·      A painter was frustrated with his painting and threw a sponge at it hoping to deface it but instead made it better and it became his style 


·      Describes fortune as almost human like in the way it affects others even noting that fortune judges more than humans do outlining good and bad karma

Of One Defect In Our Government


·      the world is not generally corrupted


·      his father employed a man to keep a journal for him and reflects that he wants to imitate his father

Of the Custom of Wearing Clothes


·      People are clothed to protect themselves from nature but we have destroyed it making 
them and other commodities
If we needed clothes to survive we would have been created with thicker skin 


·      Plato’s advice not to wear anything on the head or feet for health


·      Calls the King Mexico superfluous for changing his clothes four times a day and never using the same dish twice

Of Cato the Younger

·      the age he lives in is so unintelligent that virtue is defective


·      Plutarch says that Cato only died because he feared Caesar and that Cato was actually a pattern that nature chose to show human virtue and constancy


·      it’s easier to write poetry than understand it

That We Laugh and Cry for the Same Thing


·      Children laugh and cry at the same things because of their innocence The soul darts our its passions imperceptibly

Of Solitude


·      we should either imitate the vicious or hate them however both are dangerous It is not enough to physically remove oneself from the conditions that have taken the soul but one needs to sequester and come again to himself


·      Though we are naturally selfish, the death of a loved one is feared more than the death of ourselves

That the Relish of Good and Evil Depends in a Great Measure Upon the Opinion We Have of Them 


·      People are tormented on their opinion of things rather than the actual things

·      Death pain and Poverty are considered our principal enemies

·      While Plato believes that pain and please work together to form the soul, Montaigne states that they separate it

Not to Communicate a Man’s Honour 


·      Honor is rooted deeply within us and no one can discharge themselves from it


·      No matter the argument people have little power to resist honor because it is part of us

·      Personal honor extricates morals values and feelings

Of the Inequality Amongst Us


·      People are judged on their clothing and other possessions rather than their bodies which are more useful to them


·      Hints that physically strong and capable people must have a strong and capable soul noting that physically strong body parts make a person worthy not their possessions

·      Compares kings public and private behavior to that of actors in and out of the theatre

·      Attaining desirable things makes us happier than having them


·      Serving external conveniences make the mind and body disorderly


·      is easier to follow than to lead


·      satisfaction of only answering to yourself and having one path to take

Of Sumptuary Laws


·      hypocrisy in regulating vain and idle expenses in meat and clothes by the very 
people whose environment is gold

·      Believes in laws diverting people from pleasures attracting men in honor and ambition to 
duty and obedience

Of Sleep

·      kings who fall asleep and don’t wake up or wake up and have their lives taken

·      physicians don’t know whether sleep is necessary alluding to men who died from lack of sleep and another who hasn’t slept in months

Of Names


·      saying that it is important to have a good name and comments on the convenience 
of having an easy to pronounce name that is easy to remember


·      Socrates saying its worth a fathers time to find good names for his children

·      Praises Jacques Amyot for being able to pronounce Latin names properly with no French twist

Of War Horses or Destriers 


·      Claims the sword is more promising in battle than a gun because there is too much to
keep track of for just one shot with a gun whereas the sword can strike truer from a man’s arm than relying on the air to direct the blow


·      A well trained horse can be a huge help in battle distinguishing the enemy and not falling on its back


·      the importance of serving their masters riding them


·      Draws a connection between war horses and lovers

Of Ancient Customs


·      Notes how people mock old customs and ways when the next generation will do the same to them

·      Criticizes people for basing their actions by authorities rather than making their own judgments

Of the Vanity of Words 


·      Aristo defines rhetoric as “A science to persuade people,” while Plato and Socrates see it 
as a vehicle for flattery and deception

Of a Saying of Caesar

·      humans endless thirst for new commodities 


·      Comments that once people attain something they want something else new

Of Vain Subtleties 


·      stupidity and wisdom are the same when it comes to sentiment and resolution 
with human accidents

On Prayer 


·      Follows the Catholic Church on Philosophical standpoint rather than theological

·      By submitting himself to god feels he submits his judgments writings and thoughts 


·      Finds that prayers should not be casual deserving recognition as gods words done rigorously not just on special occasions

·      Questions Catholic followers for turning to prayer on every problem instead of considering if it worthy of god


·      people pray forgiveness when they hope to not be punished which he sees as a sin

On the Length of Life 


·      Comments on the Balance of Life and Death and the definition of a fulfilled life


·      Finds death from old age as the best way to die finding old age as a source of fulfillment with the ability to outlive events of one’s life


·      ability of old age to make one wise and reminisce on life


·      Finds the real meaning of life as to live happily
 


·      importance of the balance of work and play


·      in old age we must pass down our knowledge and wisdom to the next generation to help them grow and learn

Book II:

On the Inconstancy of Our Actions


·      Notes divisions amongst people hoping for world peace one day with the world being so full of injustice


·      Claims it is unfair to judge someone on their past because everyone makes mistakes

·      Character is defined through actions

On Drunkenness


·      Misdeeds are all the same in that they are misdeeds however the severity is what separates them


·      Montaigne considers drunkenness a severe sin because it is the worst state of a man to have no control of himself and causes the release of intimate secrets all of which reveals our darker side


·      Pleasure based on drunkenness leads to depression and despair via drunkenness

A Custom of the Isle of Cea



·      suicide can be provoked by anything including hope


·      people can be blinded by religion and unable to connect with common sense

·      we need to do what is necessary to move forward rather than stay with the bible

Work Can Wait Till Tomorrow


·      Though life needs to have work in it, there also needs to be a degree of enjoyment and pleasure while maintaining income

On Conscience


·      Both a gift and curse it can make us evaluate things from different angles often giving us doubt and guilt


On Practice
Questions

·      Socrates view of living life after death rather than living the one you are in as Montaigne believes


·      our actions reflect what type of person we are


·      no one can accuse you of living incorrectly

On Rewards for Honor


·      Reward and recognition is important for those that earn it

·      people can’t overlook the good others have done Injustices in reward such as deserving people overlooked

·      War official receiving reward rather than soldier who fought

On the Affection of Fathers for Their Children

·      arguments with his mother over financials and inheritance


·      ability for boys to take over a family and it’s money


·      To love kids we need to enrich them and help make them better not love them inappropriately


·      Montaigne believes you are responsible for the wellbeing of your children even when they are adults


·      parents that are in love with their own children is revolting

On the Armour of the Parthians


·      Though armor can be a burden it can still be beneficial

·      Describes French knight’s armor with its flexibility to breathe

On Books

·      Books open us to endless knowledge and truth however ignorance can over shadow said truth


·      Open mindedness can be one of the best qualities someone can have


·      Montaigne uses books to learn and grow his being


·      Strives to understand all passages and unfamiliar sections and master meanings Illustrates the meaning of learning


·      Finds Plutarch and Seneca relatable

On Cruelty


·      Achieving virtue isn’t easy
To gain anything one must encounter difficulties
It is the difficulties that teach us virtue


·      Montaigne suggests that virtues cannot be taught but that we are born with them

·      However some are acquired over time with experiences


·      animals feel pain and emotion and states we must be kind to them with respect Arguing cruelty stretches into animal cruelty

The Apology of Raymond Sebond


·      Montaigne explains his father liked education and valued it greatly


·      Objects that Sebond doesn’t show Christianity having any superiority with other pagan religions


·      attempts to support Christianity rationally doesn’t work since it is based on faith

·      The entire essay argues the weakness of human reason and inability to see the truth

On Judging Someone Else’s Death

·      Death is very noteworthy in life but is hard to cope with in the final moment 
The more self important we see ourselves the harder it is to cope and hard to picture the world without ourselves 
Death would be prolonged by Emperors via torture
Suicides aren’t always followed through and may need to be aided by someone else It can be considered strange to not fear death

How Our Mind Tangles Itself Up


·      If forced to choose between food and drink we would die of both hunger and thirst

That Difficulty Increases Desire

·      The struggle to attain things increases the value we have for them


·      one should overcome things in their way to pursue what we want


·      Beauty is achieved by facing difficulties


·      People yearn to do things that are forbidden there is no charm when allowed to do things

·      People like being bad


·      Defense attracts offense open doors protect themselves


·      People enjoy the challenge

On Glory


·      Though glory can be won it isn’t always earned


·      There is no worth in Glory when no one is looking


·      This is because someone has to bring back news of your triumph


·      People are usually more concerned with being known rather than what they are known for reflecting that people just like attention


·      Only survivors get glory those who die in war tend to be forgotten


·      Speech and thought can distinguish the good and bad

On Presumption


·      People over estimate their worth with high opinions of themselves


·      Greeting people without regarding their status takes away meaning


·      Some people get pleasure from their own writing


·      Notes men are judged on their height and are treated like a woman if not tall


·      Neither face nor hair makes him beautiful solely judged on height


·      Being modest and not giving yourself much worth people can’t but you down any lower than you have already put yourself


 On Giving the Lie


·      Montaigne is proud to be honest when he sees many people lying to each other’s faces

On Freedom of Conscience


·      Notes that the Christian ruler did good things by lowering taxes and therefore honored his religion


·      When a king couldn’t accomplish what he wished he pretended to do what he could

On Thumbs


·      doctors see the thumb as the master finger

·      in Rome it is a sign of approval to put a thumb down and is disapproval to stick it up


·      that Romans didn’t have to serve in the army if their thumb was hurt because they couldn’t hold a weapon

·      Augustus took away the property of a man who cut his son thumb off so he wouldn’t have to serve in the army


·      Cauis the fifth cut off his left thumb for the same reason and was imprisoned


·      Generarls cutting thumbs off of defeated armies

On Cowardice, the Mother of Cruelty 


·      the worst people have womanlike weakness


·      crying as a weakness


·      Comments of the loss of courage bravery and honor when there is an open target in battle 


·      Expresses displeasure at gentlemen acting as soldiers


·      cowardice in killing those that can do harm to you


·      Expresses displeasure towards torture

There is a Season for Everything

·      wise men even set limits for good things


·      Montaigne enjoys closure in his life not continuing anything for more than a year starting new and saying goodbye to the old


·      old age secures his worries about life


·      things so that when you are ready to die you can leave satisfied with your knowledge


·      Cato killed himself to stop wondering if anyone is ready to die even while they’re still learning

On Virtue

·      we can do anything 


·      With ideas planted in our minds and someone is determined anything can happen

·      Another man cut off his penis because he was failing at a relationship



On a Monster Child

·      no one wonders where usual things come from but see abnormalities as signs

·      people see abnormalities as going against nature but nothing can really be “ against nature”

On Anger


·      Upset with beating and scolding children because they are the future of the state
Notes that anger can make people act out of their nature


·      Claims punishments out of anger are unfair
Notes that people don’t always take their own advice


·      the anger isn’t always visible


·      people get angry unreasonably and try to rationalize it when they are actually wrong


·      Claims women only get mad to make men angry


In defense of Seneca and Plutarch


·      Montaigne claims Dion the historian has the wrong opinion


·      Plutarch is a biographer and writer


·      Montaigne defends Plutarch’s comparison of Romans and Greeks


·      Bodin states generally that Greeks are favored


·      Montaigne notes that Bodin isn’t seeing the bigger picture

The Tale of Spurina

·      There are two appetites those of the mind and soul and those of the body


·      Speaks highly of Caesar noting his many lovers, ambitious orator and writer and notes that most people were on his side


·      good intentions with actions lacking wisdom
States moderation was a good virtue

Observation on Julius Caesar’s Methods of Waging War


·      Gave some reward to men good looking armor built confidence


·      Eloquent in speech
Liked to win through strategy than sheer might


·      Confident and bold


·      With Time he became more deliberate


·      impulsiveness of some actions


·      Granted life to captured soldiers but when his soldiers were captured they’d rather kill themselves

On Three Good Wives


·      fathers don’t show love to their sons to be respected and honored


·      Claims women do the same to their husbands


·      Rich Woman’s husband sentenced to death family prevented her from suicide


·      When husband returned he was to kill himself she stabbed herself first showing it was easy then he killed himself

On the Most Excellent of Men


·      Montaigne puts three men above all other men 


·      Homer because he created lasting gods and was Virgil’s teacher with no other poets comparing, many famous people use Homer ’s works


·      Alexander the Great had accomplished so much by 33 claiming to have gotten his virtues from nature admitting he was lucky 


On the Resemblance of Children to Their Fathers 


·      how extraordinary it is that sperm passes both physical and psychological traits

·      Ponders how he has a kidney stone like his father


·       Criticizes Doctors advice claiming there is always counter arguments

·      Switches to saying he is only against

·      Doctors art not doctors themselves Calls a doctor to see him
Understands the argument for medicine 


·      their aren’t two identical opinions in the world